NVIDIA has introduced its first Kepler-generation GPU product for high performance computing, and revealed some of the inner working of the new architecture. The announcement took place at the kickoff of the company's GPU Technology Conference (GTC) taking place this week in San Jose, California.

Kepler's HPC debut comes at time when NVIDIA has established itself as the go-to chip vendor for heterogeneous supercomputing. With Intel's MIC product launch several months away and AMD still primarily focused on the consumer space with its CPU-GPU Fusion processors, NVIDIA has enjoyed free reign in the HPC acceleration business.

And it appears to be turning into quite a business. IDC is reporting that 75 percent of total HPC customer will use GPUs by 2014. And according to Sumit Gupta, NVIDIA's senior director of the Tesla GPU Computing business unit, by the end of this year, 50 to 60 percent of the top apps at the big supercomputing labs around the world will be accelerated by GPUs. That level of interest is also reflected in CUDA toolkit downloads, which Gupta reports is occurring at the rate of one every 60 seconds. "We're seeing a true liftoff in the number of application accelerated by GPUs," he says.

In 2010, NVIDIA changed the game in HPC with the Fermi chips, introducing error corrected memory and some serious double precision floating point performance -- 665 gigaflops, to be precise. Gupta believes the feature set they're bringing to the table with the Kepler architecture will provide the basis for same sort of technological discontinuity.

One of the more interesting pieces of the Kepler HPC technology is the so-called "Hyper-Q" capability. Essentially it allows the GPU to work on as many as 32 CPU-driven MPI tasks simultaneously. With Fermi, the GPU was only able to run a single MPI task at a time (although multiple tasks could be on-chip, waiting to be switched to). So if a task only happens to use a quarter of the cores, the remain three quarters of the GPU was idle. Now with up 32 tasks running concurrently, both the CPU host and the GPU accelerator should be better utilized, with less idle time all around.

Another notable Kepler enhancement is something the Nvidians call "dynamic parallelism." This allows the GPU to do a lot more processing independently of the CPU. The traditional model was for the CPU to send the GPU some work via a CUDA call; when it was done, the GPU would have to wait for more work from the host.

With dynamic parallelism, that kind of ping-pong processing can be greatly reduced. CUDA functions that previously would have been launched from the CPU, can now be called from the CUDA code itself on the GPU. Performance should be better since communication overhead between the two chips will be reduced. In essence, more of the application will end up on the GPU, allowing the CPU to free to do its own thing.

Perhaps more importantly, notes Gupta, is that this capability will allow developers to write applications for the GPU much more naturally, since much of the CPU-to-GPU calls can be done away with. And it will allow more complex and irregular types of applications (like adaptive mesh codes) to be ported more easily to the GPU. "This is a ground-breaking change," says Gupta.

But the fundamental upgrade to Kepler is its increased core count. To make that happen, the engineers did a complete redesign of the GPU's streaming multiprocessor (SM), the internal structure that provides thread processing. In Fermi, each SM contained 32 cores; while in Kepler, that's been bumped way up to 192.

Part of that was possible thanks to the smaller 28nm process technology for the Kepler silicon, but the engineers also freed up additional die real estate by compressing the control logic on the multiprocessor. The result is that each Kepler SM -- now referred to as SM extreme, or SMX -- has six times as many cores as its predecessor.

To go along with the extra parallelism, the NVIDIA engineers reduced the clock frequency those cores are running at by about half. In doing so, they were able to realize about three times the performance per watt of the Fermi GPU. If you're keeping score at home, that means a Kepler GPU that draws the same 225 watt TDP as the latest Fermi Tesla part should deliver just shy of 2 teraflops of double precision.

That product, however, will not be NVIDIA's first Kepler Tesla that it announced today at the GTC event. Known as the K10, this initial HPC Kepler offering will house two consumer-grade GK104 GPUs, the same chip used in the Kepler GeForce products that were introduced in March.

As such it lacks the nifty high-end Hyper-Q and dynamic parallelism features mentioned above. Plus it's rather underpowered in the double precision (DP) floating point department, managing only 190 gigaflops -- less than a third that of the Fermi Tesla M2090.

Where the K10 shines is in single precision (SP), delivering 4.48 teraflops across the two GPUs, which is three and a half times the SP floppery of the Fermi M2090 hardware. This makes it especially suitable for applications like image/signal processing, seismic codes, and maybe some mixed precision algorithms in academia. According to NVIDIA, initial testing with LAMMPS, NAMD, seismic processing, and certain integer-centric defense codes showed performance increases between 1.5X and 2.0X compared to the Fermi M2090. Petrobras, the Brazilian oil and gas company, reported a 1.8X speedup on its seismic application with the K10.

The new card is also plenty fast at data transfer speeds, sporting 320 GB/sec of memory bandwidth and a host connection of 16 GB/sec, courtesy of PCIe Gen 3. Memory capacity is a respectable 8 GB, which is shared between the two GPUs on the card.

The K10 is shipping this month and will be initially available in products from IBM, HP, Dell, SGI, Appro, and Supermicro.

Further down the road is the K20, which will represent NVIDIA's first true Kepler-generation supercomputing Tesla. The K20 will be based on the GK110 GPU, which is the one built for HPC duty. It will fold in the Hyper-Q and dynamic parallelism technology, and will be fully outfitted for double precision. For the time being, NVIDIA is keeping mum on the peak performance, but this is the chip that could be flirting with 2 DP teraflops. In any case, we'll have to wait until later in the year to get the actual specs.

The K20 will be the Tesla deployed in "Titan" supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Lab, and in the NCSA's "Blue Waters" system at the University of Illinois. Some of new chips could be installed in these top supers as early as the fall, but volume production of the K20 is slated for Q4.

Although the multi-petaflop systems mentioned above will get first crack at the K20, this is the product NVIDIA is hoping universities and mid-sized installations start adopting to build their own petaflop supers. Gupta says Kepler-equipped supers of this size will be able to fit into 10 server racks and draw a relatively modest 400 KW of power, well within the reach of a modest-sized organization. If Kepler indeed becomes the enabling technology of petascale supercomputing for the masses, NVIDIA will have delivered another GPU that, once again, changed the game in HPC.