HPCwire: Of Unknown Origin: Diagnosing Cancer in the Cloud

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February 25, 2009

Of Unknown Origin: Diagnosing Cancer in the Cloud

by Michael Feldman, HPCwire Editor

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As the economic recession digs in, HPC looks like it's in for a rough ride for at least the next 18 months. But even while HPC capital expenditure budgets are getting cut or frozen, renting HPC cycles in the cloud never looked so good and customers are starting to catch on.

One of those customers is Pathwork Diagnostics, a six-year-old biotech startup specializing in cancer diagnostic products. Pathwork combines DNA microarray technology with machine learning software to help identify cancer types. As a relatively-small company of 35 employees, Pathwork is constrained as to how much it can spend on IT infrastructure. But the emergence of commercial cloud computing along with the latest gene chip technology is opening up new opportunities for these types of firms.

Until recently, microarray chips have been generally used for genomic research. But applying the technology to tumor tissue provides a detailed view of a cancer's gene expression profile. Running that profile through Pathwork's software enables scientists to classify the source of the cancer -- lung, kidney, breast, prostate, etc. -- with the idea to apply that knowledge to clinical treatment.

The majority of cancers don't require such sophisticated technology, although it's not simply a matter of finding a tumor with an MRI and concluding the local site is the origin of the cancer. For example, a liver tumor may actually have its origin as lung cancer, as a result of metastases. Even so, sometimes visual examination of biopsied tissue isn't enough for identification. In that case, more sophisticated diagnostics like immunohistochemistry (IHC) can be used. IHC tests are able to detect proteins in tumor tissue that can be mapped to specific types of cancer. However sometimes even these tests fail to provide a definitive answer. About 5 to 10 percent of all cancers fall in this category.

That's where the Pathwork solution comes in. The company's "Tissue of Origin" test measures a specimen's RNA expression pattern of more than 1,500 genes. The resulting data is run through machine learning algorithms, which compare the expression profile to 15 known tissue types to help determine to the cancer's origin.

The output of the diagnostic is a simple table of numbers that rank the probability of the type of cancer. For example, the application might give a score of 80 to lung cancer, 10 to breast cancer, 5 to kidney cancer, and so on. Ljubomir Buturovic, chief scientist at Pathwork, says they typically get a score of 70-80 for the most likely tissue match, which provides a good basis for treatment. In clinical trials, he says they achieved 89 percent accuracy at identifying the cancer source.

"So our product is in essence a classifier," explains Buturovic, "which takes the gene expression measurements from a tumor and produces a score that predicts the probability that the cancer originated in a particular organ or tissue type." Buturovic says this information may aid the oncologist in recommending a targeted treatment corresponding to the specific cancer.

As one might imagine, the cancer identification algorithm software requires a good deal of computing horsepower. Pathwork has been maintaing its own 120-core cluster, consisting of dual- and single-socket x86 compute nodes, for both diagnostic work and research. But inevitably the company found it needed more computing capacity to handle the growing number of jobs. After looking at the capital expenditure of expanding its computing capacity in-house versus renting cycles from a service provider, it became convinced that the service model made a lot more sense to the company.

Buturovic says the deciding factor was that Pathwork had a peak computing demand about once every three months, which would have required a capital expenditure "prohibitively large" for a company its size. In addition, some the algorithms it employs are very demanding when applied against its data sets, and would take months to execute on the in-house cluster. So offloading this type of work to a larger cluster would save quite a bit of time.

Since Pathwork was already using Sun Microsystems' open source Sun Grid Engine (SGE) for cluster load balancing, the company originally considered using Sun's Network.com utility computing grid. But the $1/CPU-hour price was too steep for Pathwork. At some point, it heard about Amazon's Elastic Cloud (EC2) cloud platform, with its more "convenient" pricing of just $0.10/CPU-hour. Probably the most well-known cloud computing platform in the world, EC2 provides scalable utility computing for a wide range of application types.

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